The International Failure in Haiti…
in the Eyes of a Stranger
Ricardo Seitenfus (sorry, his site is in Portuguese) is a political scientist and historian. He has worked in Haiti as the special representative of the Secretary General of the Organization of American States (OAS) and the chair of the office of the OAS in Haiti.
On Monday, December 20, Seitenfus gave an interview where he iterated the breakdowns and failures of the international community in Haiti. When I read it, I realized it was something everybody should read, but the interview is in French. Google Translate goes a long way towards deciphering the language our parents neglected to teach us, but the translation is rough at best, and oftentimes, completely wrong. As I read the interview, the truth of Mr. Seitenfus’s words was so powerful that I felt it was necessary to share them with everyone in their most accurate meaning. So here is an English translation of the original text interview by Robert Arnaud, writer for the Swiss newspaper Le Temps. Via Haiti Libre. In some instances, where Google did provide the best translation, I’ve kept their words.
Le Temps: Ten thousand blue helmets (a reference to the blue helmets of U.N. peacekeepers) in Haiti. In your view, a counter-productive presence?
Ricardo Seitenfus: The system of dispute prevention within the UN system is not adapted to the Haitian context. Haiti is not an international threat. We are not experiencing civil war. Haiti is not Iraq or Afghanistan. Yet, the Security Council, lacking any alternative, has imposed Blue Helmets since 2004, after the ousting of President Aristide. Since 1990, we are here, in our eighth UN mission. Haiti has lived through, since the 1986 departure of Jean-Claude Duvalier, what I call a low-intensity conflict. We have been confronted by struggles for power between actors who do not respect the democratic game. But it seems to me that Haiti, on the international scene, essentially pays for its close proximity to the United States. Haiti has been the object of negative attention from the international system. It was for the UN to freeze the power and to transform Haitians into prisoners on their own island. The anxiety of “boat people” explains for many the decisions that the international community makes regarding Haiti. One wishes at any price, that they stay at home [closest translation...the meaning of that last sentence is muddy].
LT: What is it that impedes the normalization of the Haitian case?
RS: For 200 years, the presence of foreign troops has alternated with that of dictators. It is force/violence that defines international relations with Haiti, and never dialogue. Haiti’s original sin, on the world stage, was its liberation. The Haitians did the unacceptable in 1804: a crime which was a majestic injury to a worried world. The West then was a world of colonialism, slavery, and racism that based its riches on the exploitation of conquered lands. Therefore, the revolutionary model of Haitians scared great powers. The United States did not recognize the independence of Haiti until 1865. And France required a payment of ransom to accept this liberation. From the beginning, the independence and development of the country was hampered. The world has never been sure of how to treat Haiti, so it eventually ignored her. So began 200 years of solitude on the international stage. Today, the UN blindly applied chapter 7 of its charter, deploying its troops to impose its peace operation. It solves nothing. They want to make Haiti a capitalist nation, a platform for the exportation of American goods, it is absurd. Haiti should return to what it is, that is, an essentially agricultural country, fundamental imbued by its customary rights. The country is ceaselessly described in terms of its violence. But without a state, the level of violence reaches yet a fraction of that of Latin American countries. Several elements exist in this society that have prevented the violence from spreading beyond measure.
LT: Isn’t this an admission that you see Haiti as an unassimilable nation, whose only hope is to return to traditional values?
RS: There exists a part of Haiti that is modern, urbane, and turning towards the foreign. An estimated 4 million Haitians live outside of its borders. It is a country open to the world. I do not dream of returning to the 16th century, to an agrarian society. But Haiti lives under the influence of the international community, NGOs (non-governmental organizations), and of universal charity. More than 90% of its education and health systems are in private hands. The country does not have the public resources to be able to function in the minimal manner of a state system. The UN failed to take cultural traits into account. To summarize Haiti as a peace operation, is to minimalize the real challenges facing the country. The problem is socio-economic. When the unemployment rate reaches 80%, it is unbearable to deploy a stabilization mission. There is nothing to stabilize, and everything to build.
LT: Haiti is one of the most aided countries in the world, yet the situation has only deteriorated for 25 years. Why?
RS: Emergency aid is effective. However, when it becomes structural, when it replaces the state in all its missions, it leads to a collective lack of responsibility. If there exists proof of the failure of international aid, it is Haiti. The country has become a Mecca. The January 12th earthquake and the cholera epidemic has done nothing but accentuate the phenomenon. The international community feels that every day it has to redo what it finished the day before. Fatigue of Haiti begins to emerge. This small nation has surprised the universal conscience with more and more enormous catastrophes. I had hope that, in the distress of January 12th, the world would understand that it took the wrong route with Haiti. Unfortunately, the same policies were reinforced. Instead of taking stock, we sent more soldiers. We must build roads, erect dams, participate in the organization of the state, [and that of] the judicial system. The UN says it has no mandate for this. Its mandate in Haiti is to maintain the peace of the cemetery.
LT: What role do NGOs play in this failure?
RS: Since the earthquake, Haiti has become an inescapable crossroad. For transnational NGOs, Haiti has been transformed into a place of forced passage. I would say even worse than that: of professional training. The age of [workers] since the earthquake is very low; they come to Haiti without any experience. And Haiti, i can tell you, is not suitable for amateurs. After the 12th of January, because of massive recruitment, the professional quality [of aid] has declined significantly. There is an evil or perverse relationship between the power of the NGOs and the weakness of the Haitian state. Certain NGOs exist only because of the misfortune of Haiti.
LT: What errors were made after the earthquake?
RS: Faced with the importation of massive goods for consummation by the homeless, the situation of Haitian agriculture has degraded once more. The country offers a free field to all humanitarian experiences. From a moral point of view, it is unacceptable to consider Haiti as a laboratory. The reconstruction of Haiti and the sparkling promise that we hold 11 billion dollars inflames lust. It seems that many people come to Haiti, not for Haiti, but to do business. For me, [if I were] an American, it is an embarrassment, an offense to our conscience. An example: the Haitian doctors that Cuba trained. More than 500 were trained in Havana. Today, almost half of them, who should be in Haiti, are working in the United States, in Canada, or in France. The Cuban revolution is currently financing the formation of human resources for its capitalist neighbors.
LT: Haiti is constantly described as the margin of the world, do you feel instead that it is a concentration of our contemporary world?
RS: It is the concentration of our tragedies and failures of international solidarity. We have not risen to the level of the failures. The world press comes to Haiti and describes the chaos. For them, Haiti is one of the worst countries in the world. We must go to the Haitian culture, to the land. I believe there are too many doctors at the bedside, and the majority of them are economists. But in Haiti, we need anthropologists, sociologists, historians, political scientists, and even theologians. Haiti is too complex for people who are hurried; the cooperators are in a hurry. Nobody takes the time, nor has the taste to understand what I might call the soul of Haiti. The Haitians have seized property that we, the international community, consider to be a milking cow. They [the international community] want to profit from this presence and they do it with extraordinary mastery. If the Haitians only think of us in terms of the money we bring, it is because we have presented it as such.
LT: Beyond the admission of failure, what solutions do you propose?
RS: In two months, I will end a two-year mission in Haiti. To stay here and not be overwhelmed by what I see, I had to create a umber of psychological defenses. I wanted to remain an independent voice despite the weight of the organization that I represent. I stayed because I wanted to express my profound doubts and tell the world that this is enough. This is enough playing with Haiti. The 12th of January has taught me that there exists the potential of extraordinary solidarity in the world. Even then, we should not forget that in the early days, it is the Haitians themselves, with bare hands, who tried to save their loved ones. Compassion was very important during the emergency. But charity cannot be the driving force of international relations. It is autonomy, sovereignty, free trade, and respect for others that should be. We should simultaneously think to offer opportunities for exportation for Haiti but also protect the family farm, which is essential to the country. Haiti is the last paradise of the Caribbean that has not been exploited for tourism, with 1700 kilometers of virgin coastline; we should favor a cultural tourism and avoid paving the road to a new Eldorado of mass tourism. The lessons we have given have been ineffective for too long. The reconstruction and accompaniment of a society this rich is one of the last great human adventures. 200 years ago, Haiti illuminated the history of humanity and that of human rights. We must now give a chance to Haitians to confirm their vision.
Mr. Seitenfus has since been removed from his duties in Haiti for sharing his opinion last Monday.
Diva Spotlight: The Women of Haiti
January will mark the one year anniversary of the devastating earthquake that shattered Haiti. Since then, the road to recovery has been extremely slow. Thousands of people are still living in tent cities where violence and rape against women is unfortunately very common.
I was moved by the January 2011ESSENCE article titled “Fighting Back” that discussed the women of the camps and how they are helping each other fight back against violence and rape; honestly it made me uncomfortable to read these women’s stories. It was also unsettling to know that many times, courts would negotiate financial agreements between rapist and the victim’s family instead of the criminal going to jail.
One woman who is making a difference in the lives of these women is Marie Lucie Mentor. She is the founder of KALMI (creole acronym for Haitian Committee for a Better Life) and provides financial, medical and other assistance to other 2,000 people infected with HIV. While she does the best she can to support women and children of Haiti, but her resources are incredibly limited.
The women of Haiti are the focus of this month’s Diva Spotlight because they are survivors. They have not allowed the horror they experience to define them and stop them from living their lives. Marie Lucie Mentor and other women organizations are vocal and present in their community, changing the way women cope with the aftermath of violence.
Many people made donations to Haiti after the earthquake, but those who need it the most have yet to receive the resources. ESSENCE magazine list three ways YOU can help numerous women like Marie Lucie Mentor who are doing the best they can to help the women of Haiti:
1. FONKOZE USA: 501(c)3 organization offering microloans and educational services to rural Haitian women. Go to DONATE NOW at fonkoze.org and in the restriction box type “Marie Lucie Mentor’s program, KALMI” to send make a donation.
2. MADRE: An organization focusing on saving women in Haiti by providing humanitarian aid, whistles and flashlights through its Helping Hands program and other resources to support those who are victims of violence. Log on to madre.org to donate.
3. PARTNERS IN HEALTH: Provides medical supplies required for cholera, HIV/AIDS, and other illnesses to those in need on a consistent basis. Visit pih.org to donate.
I know many of you made a donation last January to help the country, but please think about helping these women. Through the organizations listed above, your generous donations will reach the hands of those who are in desperate need of help while the country continues to wait for recovery efforts to begin.
The January 2011 issue of ESSENCE is on stands today.
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Haiti: where aid failed
Why have at least 2,500 people died of cholera when there are about 12,000 NGOs in the country?
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- guardian.co.uk, Tuesday 28 December 2010 13.00 GMT
- Article history

Haiti should be an unlikely backdrop for the latest failure of the humanitarian relief system. The country is small and accessible and, following last January's earthquake, it hosts one of the largest and best-funded international aid deployments in the world. An estimated 12,000 non-governmental organisations are there. Why then, have at least 2,500 people died of cholera, a disease that's easily treated and controlled?
I recently went to Haiti's capital, Port-au-Prince, and found my Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) colleagues overwhelmed, having already treated more than 75,000 cholera cases. We and a brigade of Cuban doctors were doing our best to treat hundreds of patients every day, but few other agencies seemed to be implementing critical cholera control measures, such as chlorinated water distribution and waste management. In the 11 months since the quake, little has been done to improve sanitation across the country, allowing cholera to spread at a dizzying pace.
Ten days after the outbreak hit Port-au-Prince, our teams realised the inhabitants of Cité Soleil still had no access to chlorinated drinking water, even though aid agencies under the UN water-and-sanitation cluster had accepted funds to ensure such access. We began chlorinating the water ourselves. There is still just one operational waste management site in Port-au-Prince, a city of three million people.
On the one hand, Haitians were deluged with text messages imploring them to wash before eating, while on the other they had to bathe their children in largely untreated sewer water. Before the quake, only 12% of Haiti's 9.8m people received treated tap water, according to the US Centres for Disease Control (CDC).
The road to controlling a cholera epidemic has been paved by hundreds of previous outbreaks worldwide. Yet, in Haiti, there are vast gaps in the deployment of well-established control measures. Now the epidemic is nationwide, making more than 120,000 people sick and killing at least 2,500.
In the face of this ferocious outbreak, investigations into its origin have not been released publicly, even though this information is fundamental to understanding the epidemic's behaviour.
Hypotheses of cholera's origin range from the contamination of the river Artibonite by UN peacekeepers, through climate change to voodoo. In the absence of transparency, fear and suspicion have provoked violence. The population's anxiety is only amplified by catastrophic epidemic projections by the Pan American Health Organisation (PAHO), a sister of the World Health Organisation.
PAHO's epidemic modelling has not led to effective aid deployment. Huge amounts of aid are concentrated in Port-au-Prince, while scant support has been provided to inexperienced health workers in rural areas, where cholera is flourishing. MSF teams have found health centres with shortages of life-saving oral rehydration solution, and clinics that were simply shut.
It is against this backdrop that many non-governmental agencies have launched fundraising appeals, even while their post-earthquake coffers remain filled. The UN's Office for the Co-ordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) has repeatedly claimed that underfunding of its $174m cholera appeal, launched primarily to benefit private groups, is hampering the response – despite the fact that Haiti is the top-funded UN appeal for 2010. As nearly a million Haitians remain homeless in the face of a full-blown public health emergency, arguments that existing funds are tied up in longer-term programmes ring hollow.
The inadequate cholera response in Haiti – coming on the heels of the slow and highly politicised flood relief effort in Pakistan – makes for a damning indictment of an international aid system whose architecture has been carefully shaped over the past 15 years.
Throughout the 1990s, the UN developed a significant institutional apparatus to provide humanitarian aid through the creation of the Department for Humanitarian Affairs in 1992, later renamed OCHA, all the while creating an illusion of a centralised, efficient aid system. In 2005, after the Asian tsunami, the system received another facelift with the creation of a rapid emergency funding mechanism (CERF), and the "cluster" system was developed to improve aid efforts.
The aid landscape today is filled with cluster systems for areas such as health, shelter, and water and sanitation, which unrealistically try to bring aid organisations – large and small, and with varying capacities – under a single banner. Since the earthquake, the UN health cluster alone has had 420 participating organisations in Haiti.
Instead of providing the technical support that many NGOs could benefit from, these clusters, at best, seem capable of only passing basic information and delivering few concrete results during a fast-moving emergency. Underscoring the current system's dysfunction, I witnessed the Haitian president, René Préval, personally chairing a health cluster meeting in a last-ditch effort to jump-start the cholera response.
Co-ordination of aid organisations may sound good to government donors seeking political influence. In Haiti, though, the system is legitimising NGOs that claim responsibility for health, sanitation or other areas in a specific zone, but then do not have the capacity or know-how to carry out the necessary work. As a result, people's needs go unmet.
While co-ordination is important, it should not be an end in itself. It must be based on reality and oriented towards action to ensure that needs are covered.
In Haiti, the cholera outbreak will continue to claim lives for the foreseeable future. What is clear, though, is that the aid community at large has failed to prevent unnecessary deaths, in a population already so tragically affected by one catastrophe after another.
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Buried alive for six days, earthquake survivors reunite for first time
- Falone Maxi reluctantly went to her university business class on January 12
- When the quake hit, Maxi discovered she was trapped with fellow student Mica Joseph
- The study partners bolstered each other though a six-day ordeal while awaiting rescue
- Almost a year later, Maxi travels across Haiti to reunite with Joseph; what will she find?
Port-au-Prince, Haiti (CNN) -- The arduous trip begins from a city on fire.
Falone Maxi steps into the white Nissan Patrol, a small nylon bag and an Avis car rental map of Haiti in hand. She is determined to continue her journey with this important trip north, even amid the post-election turmoil in her homeland.
Almost a year after a devastating earthquake, angry Haitians are hurling tragedy's rubble into the streets, setting tires, buildings and campaign signs ablaze.
The political unrest delayed Maxi's trip by a day. But on this gloomy morning in December, the air thick with impending rain, she was up before daybreak to call the driver.
"Are we going today? What time will you pick me up?"
She awoke with the kind of nervous excitement that the wife of a soldier returning from war might feel. She has waited 11 long months to see Mica Joseph, the woman who now means more to her than her own sister.
She has not seen Joseph since that wretched January day when the earth under Haiti heaved violently and the lives of the two women, like those of millions of others, changed.
Dressed in skinny jeans, a white T-shirt and silver hoops, Maxi unfolds the map splashed with colorful ads that beckon tourists to a pre-earthquake Haiti. She calls Joseph on her cell phone.
"There is a lot of trouble in Port-au-Prince," Joseph says, concerned. "Will you be able to make it?"
"I'm on my way," Maxi says. "I want to see you."
The car makes its way onto National Road 1, which hugs the coastline before turning inward many miles north. In her most frightening moments in January, Maxi dreamed of the turquoise waters of the Caribbean.
The outward scars of her survival are now covered by her clothes or have faded altogether. But in her mind, Maxi constantly relives six harrowing days.
That's why she is on a quest to see Joseph, the only person who can understand.
Tragedy forges a survival instinct
On the morning of January 12, Maxi did not want to go to her afternoon finance class. She entertained the notion of playing hooky but realized her tuition was due. She reluctantly showered and put on a gray collared shirt, black jeans and sandals.
Maxi rarely wore flashy clothes or a lot of makeup and jewelry, though she could have been a model like her sister Carline. She was tall and slender, with flawless skin. But she didn't like to show off her looks, except for her manicured toenails, polished salmon pink.
She had always wanted to be a nurse but found herself enrolled in business administration at Groupe Olivier and Collaborateur University, known simply as G.O.C.
The private college was hardly cheap for Haiti -- $1,000 a year. Her brother, Frantz, helped pay her tuition and let her stay at his house. It was closer to the university than her family's home.
Before heading out that Tuesday, Maxi kneeled by her bed to pray as she did every morning and night. She didn't go to church much, but her faith in God had kept her going since a morning in October 2001 when, before the sun had lifted to the sky, her father left the house for work.
Maxi adored him, and he spoiled his youngest child with dolls, toys and clothes. He had paid for her to attend the College Methodiste de Frere, a private high school where her favorite subjects were Creole, French and English.
She'd felt safe when her father was around. She knew he would take care of her. Always.
But on that day, as Franck Maxi made his way to work at the El Rancho hotel where he was a gardener, armed men stopped him just a few blocks from his house, demanded his wallet and shot him. He was rushed to the hospital but never recovered.
Maxi was 14 and old enough to know political instability had sparked fear and brutality in Haiti. She understood her father was a victim.
But nothing could lessen her grief. Her tears flowed like a monsoon.
Her mother, Dieusana Joaceus, was forced to take a job as a street vendor to feed her children. Maxi forged a steely interior, a survival instinct in a troubled nation where it's never been easy to be a child, especially one without a father.
Now, almost a decade later, she was thankful her brother was helping her through college, even if today she didn't want to go.

Maxi gave in to the housekeeper's insistence that she eat a meal of rice, bean sauce and vegetables before she left. She wasn't hungry, but later, she would be glad she had eaten.
She sauntered down to the bus stop but couldn't find a tap-tap right away to carry her to Nazon, the central city area where her university was located. There was a lot of traffic on the streets.
It was well past 3 when she made it to her fifth-floor classroom. She took a seat by the door to keep from disturbing the class, which had already begun.
She saw Joseph sitting up front. The two women were not close friends, but they were the same age, 23, and often did homework together. Sometimes, they took the same tap-tap home.
Maxi liked the way Joseph spoke in her Capois accent. Joseph had grown up in the border town of Ouanaminthe, near Cap Haitien, where Creole is spoken with a different lilt.
Maybe one day, Maxi thought, they would get to know each other better.
At 4:53 p.m., a student was at the blackboard, and Maxi was lost in her notes when the floor began shaking. It stopped for a few seconds, then the entire building rocked. Ceilings and walls fell.
Maxi's classmates and teachers were screaming. People ran in every direction. Dust clouded Maxi's vision as she sprinted toward the stairwell. She thought the building was collapsing because of shoddy construction. This had happened a while ago at another school.
One of her sandals flew off her foot, and she fell. Then, five floors of the building collapsed on her. Maxi's world went dark.
Trapped under layers of pancaked concrete, mortar and metal, she couldn't move. She lay on her back, inhaling the chalky air. After a few minutes, she heard movement around her.
"Who's that next to me?" she asked.
"It's me, Mica."
A sister keeps vigil
When Maxi failed to return home that day, her sister grew worried.
Carline Joaceus frantically called her little sister's cell phone, but there was no response. She rushed to the G.O.C. campus and stood atop a wasteland of rubble, wondering if Maxi lay underneath.
More than 200,000 people were dead. Countless others were missing. All around the city, government workers scooped up bodies and unceremoniously dumped them in mass graves or burned them on the streets.
Joaceus watched rescue teams extract the buried. For the next few days, she kept vigil from morning to night, praying her sister would be pulled out alive. A fellow student said Maxi had been in class that day. She was surely trapped.
Joaceus imagined her sister's rescue over and over again. Other miracle rescues were taking place in Port-au-Prince. Eventually, nearly 140 people were pulled out alive. Babies and adults, the feeble and the strong -- all had survived for days under the rubble.
Joaceus described Maxi -- young, thin, pretty -- and asked rescuers if they remembered someone like that. Her name was not on any of the lists of people sent to hospitals.
Sometimes, rescuers showed Joaceus identification cards plucked from the rubble. "Is this your sister?" they asked.
"No, that's not her."
Whenever a body was discovered, she rushed over to look. None was her sister.
But that was no surprise. She knew her sister's spirit. Maxi was alive.
Prayers to God and to a father
Coated by debris and in pitch darkness, Maxi was relieved she was not alone. But she and Joseph were trapped between chunks of building, unable to extricate themselves.
"I can't move," Joseph said, crying. She was pinned down just above Maxi.
Maxi reached out and felt the blood on Joseph's face, her body. She felt blood on her own hair.
There was no signal on Maxi's cell phone, but she used the LCD light to see what was around her. Above were the feet of the dead. In time, rats would appear to gnaw on the flesh.
She heard voices. They belonged to others who were buried alive. Some got crazy as the days went by until, one by one, they fell silent.
Maxi and Joseph maneuvered themselves so they would not be smothered by concrete. Maxi bent her legs over her chest to create breathing room. To reserve energy, they took turns calling out to the outside world.
"We're alive, we're alive," they shouted. "Help us."
When they heard rescue teams, they knew it was daytime. When the voices went away, Maxi guessed that it was night.
They passed time by talking about boys. Or what they would eat when they were rescued -- rice and peas, macaroni, ice cream. Oh, what they would do for an iced Malta, their favorite soft drink.
They memorized each other's cell phone numbers and promised to always stay in touch.
Maxi dreamed about returning to the ocean. Her brother had taken her for a seaside holiday to Jacmel a few years earlier. She had let the sun kiss her skin and tasted the salt of the ocean. And even though she did not know how to swim, she had braved the waves on a Jet Ski. It had been paradise after the hustle and bustle of Port-au-Prince. She longed to breathe that air again.
She wanted to dance again at carnival, listen to Celine Dion's mellifluous voice and play tennis on her Wii.
Occasionally, the earth trembled. With every aftershock, more concrete fell.
Joseph was in unbearable pain. Her left leg was stuck under the concrete, and she could not move. Beneath her, Maxi shifted and settled herself, using a hard slab as a pillow.
When the phone light finally gave out, Maxi's world turned the color of a starless sky.
As the air turned foul, Maxi tore a page from a notebook and stuffed it up her nostrils. It was not enough to block the stench of human decay.
She was hungry, thirsty. She collected her own urine with her hands and put it to her lips.
--Falone Maxi encourages Mica Jospeh during their ordeal
Remembering she had an apple in her bag, she reached inside to find it in pieces, crushed by the concrete. She fished them out and shared them with Joseph. The women savored each piece as though it were filet mignon. It was all that they would eat for six days.
"We are going to die," Joseph said.
"No, Mica," Maxi replied. "Don't give up. If we were going to die, God would have taken us right away. Have faith, Mica. The Lord will keep us alive."
They held hands and prayed together. "Our Father, who art in heaven."
The inner strength forged in childhood kept Maxi going. Under the rubble, she asked her father to watch over her from heaven.
"Give me strength," she whispered.
She held Joseph's hand tightly and rubbed her back to soothe her. She believed God had put them there together for a reason. They were going to be each other's salvation.
They would feel the warmth of the Caribbean sun again. Together.
On day 6, a rescue
"Falone Mathieu! Falone Mathieu!"
After six days, Joaceus heard her sister's first name being called out. The surname was wrong but surely, it had to be her.
She rushed to an opening in the rubble and instantly recognized her sister's black jeans, her pink nails. Maxi was badly bruised and cut. She was squinting, the sunlight too much to bear. Fresh air filled her lungs, and the coolness of water trickled all the way down to her belly.
She was severely dehydrated, and her blood pressure had plunged to 60/20. She was given first aid, and a rescuer stopped a passing CNN crew in the middle of the street and asked for help. Maxi was placed in the back of the CNN pickup and whizzed through a city in ruin to a makeshift clinic.
She doesn't remember many details of her rescue. She didn't even know whether Joseph made it out safely. She knew only that she could see, standing in the distance, another person who had not given up, her sister.
Dreams and nightmares
National Road 1 crosses the Artibonite River and passes through several coastal towns. At a rest stop, Maxi pulls out her map to determine how much farther it is to Ouanaminthe.
"We are in Gonaives," she tells Joseph on the phone.
"Wow," Joseph replies. "You are already half way."
But just outside the city, the car slows as the road lined with banana and papaya trees begins snaking upward into the mountains.
Maxi rolls down the window. The clouds hang low, and she can see her own breath. The cool, damp air smacks her face.
She can't remember the last time she was in the mountains. She likes the smell here. After being buried for six days, she relishes being high up and free.
"Can we stop to take a picture?" she asks.
Maxi has few photos of her life, none of her father. And none that show what happened on January 12, except for the video of her rescue, which she can't bear to watch. Nor does she feel comfortable inside a concrete house. The walls close in on her; it feels as though everything could collapse in a split second.
After her rescue, she had been whisked to several hospitals until doctors finally determined that her pelvis was broken. Her condition was not critical. She was sent home and put on bed rest.
Maxi slept under sheets pitched in the yard of a friend instead of inside a home with deep cracks and fissures. Her mother put fresh linens on a mattress on the ground, among chicken scurrying about the rocky dirt. Her sister rubbed cream on her face, combed her hair, helped her use a bed pan.
Unable to walk then, Maxi lay on her back, devouring pureed food and Harlequin romances. She loves tales of poor girls meeting rich, handsome men and living happily ever after. They are the stuff girls like Maxi dream of.
At night, she had nightmares. She didn't know whether she could live the rest of her life in Haiti in buildings prone to fall.
Four days after Maxi left the hospital, she dialed Joseph's number for the first time, not knowing what she would hear.
Joseph's uncle, Bedel, picked up the phone. Maxi learned her friend was hospitalized with serious injuries.
"She's going to be OK," Bedel Joseph assured Maxi. He could not bear to tell her everything.

In the spring, Maxi learned to walk again and after many weeks, she wanted to return to the university. She needed to see the evidence of her ordeal before it was removed forever.
On a warm May day, she pressed her face to the window of the car, gazing outward at the damage -- building after building razed to the ground. She had seen photographs of what the earthquake did to Haiti. Now she was seeing it firsthand.
The national palace, the symbol of her nation, was damaged beyond repair and slated for demolition. The Champs de Mars plaza, where Maxi liked to stroll with her friends, now held a massive tent city.
At the G.O.C University, she stood silently before the rubble, in awe of its enormity. How had she survived this? It almost seemed like it had happened to someone else.
She cried that day, clutching her face in her hands, pretending that it was the blowing dust that bothered her.
She wished Joseph could have been there with her.
A therapist encouraged her to talk about her ordeal. But she didn't really feel like telling the story over and over just so others could tell her they were sorry.
Instead, she texted Joseph or spoke to her every day.
Joseph had returned to her family in the northern town of Ouanaminthe. She spent many days inside, alone.
Her mother was a street vendor who worked long hours. Her sister didn't like to spend time at home. Joseph struggled to pick up the pieces of her shattered life.
Maxi knew her friend stayed awake at night, reliving everything.
"Everyone is sleeping. The house is dark. I can't sleep," Joseph told her.
"Have someone make you some tea," Maxi said. "That will help you rest."
Every phone call ended with: "I love you."
Finally, a reunion
Maxi cannot sit still as the headlights shine on a street sign that says Ouanaminthe.

The town, a stone's throw from the Dominican border, is small and quiet, unlike Port-au-Prince. The driver asks for directions at street corners. Everyone knows which house belongs to the young woman who survived the earthquake.
As the car turns onto an unpaved lane, Maxi sits upright, her eyes straining to catch a glimpse of her friend.
She has awaited almost a year for this. Her arms are trembling, her chest heaving.
Joseph stands outside a sliding green metal gate in front of her house. The fuchsia of her tank top is jarring against the drab of concrete and dirt.
Maxi begins to understand why Joseph's father, distraught over his daughter's plight, once told her: "It would have been better if you had died."
Joseph turns toward the car, metal crutches under both arms. Her left leg is gone, amputated just below the hip.
Maxi wipes tears from her eyes and runs toward her friend. The embrace is not long enough. Joseph strokes Maxi's face and forehead like a mother would a long-lost child.
They sit on the front veranda. Maxi feels what is left of Joseph's leg. Under the rubble, she had suspected her injury was severe -- she had smelled the gangrene.
It's unfair, Maxi thinks, that she should be physically well while Joseph suffers. She knows it is particularly difficult for the disabled in Haiti, where there are no special facilities and few accessible places. Joseph has a hard time even getting on a bus.
"I used to have friends here. But no one comes to see me anymore," she tells Maxi.
Maxi couldn't save Joseph's leg, but she feels compelled now to do all she can to return joy to her friend's life.
The two recall those six awful days.
"You wouldn't let me comb your hair," Joseph says. "You were afraid it would all break."
"Well, you peed on me," Maxi says.
"I'm sorry," Joseph says. "I had no choice."
Maxi laughs.
It is the first time she is able to remember without crying.