From the Click in Xhosa,

to the Pulse in House

My dearest Chicago, you are the architect for the house that jack built, but did you have any idea that your music was fueling the rage and resistance against apartheid? Did you know that this electronic music created in your mama’s basement would become a part of the cultural fabric of one of the most historically complex places on earth? That house music is a part of the Mandelas’ (both Winnie and Nelson’s) cultural vocabulary?

Many a house head in the U.S. would like to believe we “discovered” house music in South Africa, when the truth is that house has had a home in South Africa long before we tuned in. Sort of like the pre-existing civilizations that Sertima suggested  Came Before Columbus. But let’s be clear, it wasn’t that we didn’t care. We can use this moment in electronic music history to admit that not enough of us in the States received a reliable education about the contemporary cultural developments of Africa. And at the risk of sounding like an Intro to Afro-centric Studies course, we’ve learned a great deal about Africa through the lens of the white supremacists who sought the resources of Africa (both human and natural) to help institutionalize their superiority. But today, we need to know better.

 

Women's Rights Peace Party, South Africa. Photo taken by dj lynnee denise.

 

Granted, heads were busy with our own developments, blending music that Traxx Records, Paradise Garage and Mr. Fingers gave us. Not to mention what The Warehouse, West End Records and Steve “Silk” Hurley offered. We had our hands full and our dance floors powdered. We had no idea that the migration of this electronic cultural product called house was traveling beyond our housing projects, ghettos and boroughs and settling in the South African township. How could we know? There is not a single network I can think of that broadcasts music, videos or favorable images of modern Africa. National Geographic doesn’t count.

House music in South Africa did not start with the hyper-talented and contemporary Black Coffee, Culoe de Song and Soulistic crew; in fact, house in South Africa has roots almost as long as hip-hop’s golden era in the Boogie Down Bronx. DJ Clive Bean of Soul Candi Records remembers hearing Chicago’s Frankie Knuckles in 1987 at a local stockvel – the South African equivalent of a Harlem speakeasy:

We listened to this sound that we called international music, and thought, this is hardcore music, different from the bubble gum artists like Brenda Fassie most of us were listening to at the time.

Clive shared that house music went hand in hand with Pantsula dancing, a local and traditional dance that came to life in the townships, primarily in the 80s and gained momentum with the dismantling of the apartheid regime. South African musician/musicologist Thokozani Mhlambi talks about house music in the post democracy context:

House music is the same age as our democratic dispensation in South Africa [18 years old]. The increase in access to overseas sound material in the early 1990s led to house music’s growth locally.

With the support of a Jerome Foundation Travel and Study grant, I paid a visit to South Africa, determined to understand The Afro Digital Migration: House Music in Post Apartheid South Africa. I wanted to explore how house music took root in South Africa and shaped its national identity. The impetus for this research was my belief that electronic music in the African diaspora is an under-explored cultural product. As a DJ, I was driven by the clean production and seamless mixes I heard; as a dancer, I wanted to witness the intricate body movement inspired by house; and as a scholar, I wanted to figure out how, in the face of state sanctioned surveillance and harassment, the music flourished.

Most of the DJs, musicians and producers I connected with in Joburg, Cape Town, Newcastle and Durban, mentioned Frankie Knuckles as being their introduction to house music in the late 80s/early 90s. Clive Bean adds, “We were listening to this music at the height of [apartheid] resistance.” House music was a part of the soundtrack of social change and was the underground answer to the chains of restriction imposed by the Dutch/British minority who occupied South Africa through the system of apartheid. In fact, the Bronx, The South Side of Chicago and South Africa were all united by the stank of disenfranchisement and the electronic music inspired by the lived reality of people in all three places amplified the inequalities that connected black people around the world.

To understand the context of South African house, Mhlambi places it at the center of a generational response to freedom (real or perceived), and a new access to technology:

House music grapples with the difficult issues we have been unable to resolve in our material reality. In house music we see the co-mingling of ambiguities within the post-Apartheid scenario… house music conflates these issues in a dynamic and experiential way, addressing precisely that which we have been unable to speak in words.

South African house is characterized by the bass heavy, churchified synthesized sound of classic Chicago house and some of the Euro-techy sounds heard coming out of Germany and England. It incorporates syncopated, repetitive rhythms, traditional African instruments and sounds and lyrics sung in South African languages, mainly Xhosa and Zulu. Prior to the South African “invasion” that we have come to know through DJs/producers like Kent or Black Motion, pioneers of the sound like DJ Oskido and Arthur Mafokate, took this township electro funk, slowed down our beloved 120bpm groove to about 90bpm, added social context and vocals and gave birth to a sub genre of house unique to South Africa called Kwaito music. While Kwaito never made it into the hands of the global house community, a sign of gross negligence on the part of the industry, it demanded the collective attention of South Africa as nation and provided fertile ground for what was to come.

South African graffiti. Photo taken by dj lynnee denise.

 

The feeling that came over me in South Africa spoke to a larger point that I had never really considered; deep house is healing. It makes sense that a place still haunted by the ghosts of apartheid would make house music the sound of daily living. I heard house music played everywhere in South Africa; in the clubs, in the taxis, in the elevators, at the airport and in the stores. There was even a religious segment of house heads that played house for Christ. Thanks to Kaya FM (Johannesburg) and Metro FM (national), I heard hours of house on commercial radio during prime time slots, which is different from U.S. college or community radio stations where house music is played stingily at best. I witnessed Soweto swingers, rambunctious teenagers, grandmothers, former activists, struggling students, teachers, waiters and doctors bouncing to house. So it didn’t surprise me when I came across a little known fact that explains it all; South Africa has been dubbed the world’s biggest house music market per capita. And to be clear, the love and creation of house doesn’t stop at South African borders, it can be heard in neighboring countries Mozambique, Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe. Beyonce was on to something when she recruited Batswana dancers Tofo Tofo to help choreograph the “Run the World (Girls)” video. The power of that collaboration was critical for the exposure it provided to the millions of people who follow her.

I will always love Atjazz, MAW and Osunlade, but my ears, my feet and my Afro Digital lens have been permanently changed and expanded by the South African house music experience. There is a dangerous, and at this point, boring focus on Black American music as being the sound of the African Diaspora. To learn more about black American music, we must reach into the soul of it. There, we’ll discover Brazil, Ghana, Jamaica and a host of other global influences. We’re a multi-dimensional people and our music reflects the true meaning of Diaspora. Who’s to say what ancestor used you as a vessel to create your sound. Let’s share the bass that unites us.

by dj lynnee denise

dj lynnee denise uses turntables and conscious event planning to create forums exploring and celebrating Afro-Diasporic music. Her work is informed, inspired and elevated by social and political movements, global travel, and personal identity. Lynnee is the founder of WildSeed Cultural Group – a New York City based organization whose mission, “entertainment with a thesis,” is driven by a desire to incorporate the nontraditional elements of literature, cultural criticism and ethnomusicology into the New York, Atlanta and South African music scene. In 2010, dj lynnee denise designed a one year independent artist in residency program in the city of Atlanta, Georgia. Here she produced a body of mixes that reflected the range of her extensive music library and musical interests. She holds a BA in Sociology from Fisk University and an MA in Ethnic Studies from San Francisco State University. Like her on Facebook, follow her on Twitter @wildseedgroup and listen to her podcast.

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The Afro Digital Migration:

House Music in

Post Apartheid South Africa

The moment I finished this mix, I put my headphones on and danced...to the entire thing.

South Africa moves me.

There cannot be a separation between the music, the history and the people.

Layers.

With the support of a Jerome Foundation Travel and Study grant, I paid a visit to South Africa, determined to understand The Afro Digital Migration: House Music in Post Apartheid South Africa. I wanted to explore how house music took root in South Africa and shaped its national identity. The impetus for this research was my belief that electronic music in the African Diaspora is an under-explored cultural product. As a DJ, I was driven by the clean production and seamless mixes I heard; as a dancer, I wanted to witness the intricate body movement inspired by house; and as a scholar, I wanted to figure out how, in the face of state-sanctioned surveillance and harassment, the music flourished.

Special thanks and love to Clive Bean (Soul Candi) and Thokazani Mhlambi (Umtshakadulo) for answering my questions and arranging gigs for me to have a platform to express my Black American house experience and pay respect to the South African sound on the decks.

Love to Paris Hatcher for hitting the streets of Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban, Newcastle, East London and Coffee Bay with me. Transformative and Inspiring.

This mix is dedicated to Winnie Mandela, Busi Mhlongo and Miriam Makeba, three women who looked white supremacy and patriarchy in the eye and danced. Power is always subjective, never absolute. All Freedom Fighters come through the bodies of women.

Every single song selected was created by a South African producer/DJ. I've also featured the remixes of some of my favorite producers from the US (Spinna, Abicah Soul and Rocco).

1. Eish Anganzi-- Master Lucra (Johannesburg)