AUDIO + PHOTO ESSAY: Deep kora from Gabu > from T. P. Africa (english version)

Deep kora from Gabu


LISTEN: (Look at "Listen Tracks")


Night in Gabu drops quickly into the stomach of the earth. The shadows
brush away the red coloured reflection from faces and things and suddenly
we are in the dark, in the void. Birimin den - a kora is playing besides
us.

We are still sticky for the heat that has just left us and we are lying on
the carpets, heavily, waiting for someone to offer us one more tea. The
stiffness disappears only when the black night becomes impenetrable and we
hear from the brousse the dull calling of howls, which perhaps is only a
body temporarily inhabited by a busy witch. Something, maybe a rat, was
biting the wood over our roof.


Young men turn on the generator, which slowly starts erupting. It misses
some beats and seems to be turning off but then is starts again. The old
light of a lamp which hangs naked in front of the house suddenly inundates
the courtyard, confining the spirits behind the corners of the houses.


Someone is tuning the kora in the dark. The sound is high, dry and rich of
harmonies that are beyond the spectrum of what is audible. The kora seems
to be made for the night and for the heavy silence of the countryside, to
reunite people and to fight the anxiety that rises like phantoms from the
roots of baobab and mangoe trees.

Slowly the air turns opaque. It brings the rivers' humidity, which rises
from the banks and reaches the village like an invisible mist.

Children running after the last amusement are being prepared for the night.
They sleep in three, four of even five per bed and some on the floor.
Perhaps we have subtracted mattresses from them?

When all the children are in bed, the koras’ - which in the meantime have
multiplied - start playing together, as if to merge inside a secret
embrace. Insisting riffs, hypnotizing, meditative, and nervous. The
traditional kora with its unexpected sequences pursues without hesitation
over the melody. The tempo becomes uncertain, seems it is sleeping, but it
is my breath that I hear coming from a distant gentle trance.


Gabu's deep koras instruct the crickets, by playing once again and for sure
not for the last time, the same electric and lopsided rhythms and the same
sweet harmonies of the times of Mama Janke Waali.

“The energy that pulls people together is called love - sings the jali by
breaking the silence - it means being careful for who you love and for your
friends, for this love means to chose. Na mandi mogoye i kani fassama -
Don't expect to be friends with someone who doesn't like you. "


"When you love a person you accept her for what he/she is and you don't
care about his social status, his way of talking, of looking, of moving and
of walking. This is the meaning of love. To love someone is simply when
you don't want this person to be unwell. "


“At the time of the emperor Sunjata, one would offer always slaves, camels
and horses to griots, but you have given us much more; trust and love. In
life there is nothing more important than love. You are like the sunsun
tree in the forest, he doesn't need water to create its' fruits. “We thank
you from deep in our hearts.”

Listen Tracks
1-2. Djamana (Landing Kanuteh - kora, vocal; Madya Diebate - vocal; Bambi Kanuteh - vocal; Fatoumata Suso - vocal; recorded by Wallai Records in Tambasansang, Gambia, january 2010)
3-4. Chedo (Malang Diebate - kora, vocal; Kedjan Diebate - kora, vocal; Bakari Diebate - percussions, vocal, recorded by Wallai Records in Bolonbalola Darsalam, Casamance, january 2010)


PUB: Mason Dixon Publishing - Anthology: Obama's America

Contest Info

Mason-Dixon reserves the right to modify contest rules as necessary. Check this website for rule updates.

  • Entries must be received by 11:59 PM EST, 8/31/10.
  • Maximum Length is 30,000 characters (approximately 10 pages).
  • Minimum length is 2,000 words (approximately 4 pages).
  • A Non-Refundable Entry Fee of $10 must accompany submission.
  • Every entry must be a first hand account of personal experiences surrounding the campaign, inauguration or presidency of Barack Obama.

At least 10 winning entries will be gathered in an anthology entitled, Obama's America: Personal Stories of Change from Across the Political Spectrum. One winner will receive the grand prize of $500. Entries will be judged anonymously by qualified readers and ranked using a scoring rubric.

Click here to view the Rubric Scoring Sheet.

All entrants will receive personalized feedback on their entries. Entrants may resubmit revised entries up to two times for a fee of $7.50 for the first revision and $6.50 for a second revision. Previously published works are acceptable if the author has retained full rights to all of the writing in the entry, and if citation is provided at the time of submission.

Children under 18 may enter the contest, however Mason-Dixon Publishing must receive signed, written permission from the child's parent or legal guardian. To provide consent for your child please print out the parental consent form and mail it to Mason Dixon Publishing at: Mason-Dixon Publishing, LLP P.O. Box 30 Maumee, Ohio, 43537.

Actual awarding of the prize is contingent upon the entrant(s) or their legal guardian(s) entering into a publishing agreement with Mason-Dixon Publishing, LLP after being informed that they have been chosen as a potential contest winner. If an agreement cannot be reached, Mason-Dixon, LLP reserves the right to rescind the offer and award the prize to another entrant or other entrants.

Entrants who are not chosen for publication retain all rights to their submissions.

 

PUB: Fieldstone Review Submissions

The Fieldstone Review, an online literary journal published annually, welcomes submissions of original, unpublished works of poetry, short stories, and creative non-fiction/personal essays. TFR accepts electronic submissions only; please direct your submission to the appropriate section editor’s email address. Submissions must be in Word or RTF format. In the email message you send with the attachment, please include your name, contact information and the title(s) of the work(s) submitted, as well as notification about whether it is a simulataneous submission. During the reading period, submission reception notification emails are sent within a week.

The reading period for Issue 5 stretches from May 15, 2010 to August 30, 2010 at 5:00pm, CST; decisions will be emailed by October. Payment is given based on funding provisions.

As an online journal, The Fieldstone Review staff is open to work that experiments with e-textuality as well as to work that uses technology suited to the online environment to enhance the audience’s experience of the work; we are also open to more traditional work.

Poetry: We’re looking for fresh, high-quality verse. Please submit no more than 5 poems per yearly reading period. For poems longer than 3 single-spaced, single-column pages, please submit the first 3 pages initially, indicating both in the cover letter and the bottom of the third page how many more lines there are in the poem.

Fiction: We’re looking for short stories no shorter than 1500 words with a strong sense of narrative. Please submit no more than two stories totalling no more than 5000 words. Longer pieces of exceptional quality may be considered—if you have a longer piece, please submit the first 5000 words of the piece for consideration with an indication both in the cover letter and at the bottom of the last page of how many more words there are in the story.

Creative Non-Fiction: We are looking for strong, varied pieces of creative non-fiction; journalistic, memoir, essay (photographic or otherwise) annotation, cartoon, or multi-media. We invite you to test the limits of our virtual space so that we can meet our goal of juxtaposing diverse ideas and media, reflecting and commenting upon different parts of our global community, There is no minimum length for this sort of submission, though we would ask that you submit no more than two creative non-fiction submissions totalling no more than 5000 words during each submission period. We will consider pieces of exceptional quality longer than 5000 words, but if you have a longer piece, please submit only the first 5000 words with an indication both in the cover letter and at the bottom of the last page about how many more words there are in the piece.

Poetry Submissions - poetry.fieldstone@gmail.com

Fiction Submissions - fiction.fieldstone@gmail.com

Creative Non-Fiction Submissions - crenonfic.fieldstone@gmail.com

PUB: Individual Awards - Poetry Society of America

PSA Logo

The PSA will be accepting submissions from October 1, to December 22, 2010.

Individual Awards

PSA Member Awards

Awards 1-5 are open only to PSA Members
  • Award 1—The Writer Magazine/Emily Dickinson Award
  • $200
    Given by the PSA to honor the memory and poetry of Emily Dickinson, for a poem inspired by Dickinson though not necessarily in her style.

  • Award 2—Cecil Hemley Memorial Award
  • $500
    Established by Jack Stadler, former Treasurer of the PSA, and his late wife, Ralynn Stadler, for a lyric poem that addresses a philosophical or epistemological concern

  • Award 3—Lyric Poetry Award
  • $500
    Established under the will of PSA member Mrs. Consuelo Ford (Althea Urn), and also in memory of Mary Carolyn Davies, for a lyric poem on any subject.
  • Award 4—Lucille Medwick Memorial Award
  • $500
    Established by Maury Medwick in memory of his wife, the poet and editor, for an original poem in any form on a humanitarian theme.
  • Award 5—Alice Fay Di Castagnola Award
  • $1,000
    Offered in memory of a benefactor and friend of the PSA, and partially endowed by the Estate of Rachel Dalven, and the estate of Ellen Lamon Anderson, for a manuscript-in-progress of poetry or verse-drama. Previously published work may be included in your submission; include acknowledgment of publications on your cover page. Poems entered as part of a Di Castagnola manuscript may be entered individually in other PSA contests, but NOT if they are previously published. Note: There are two cover pages for this award, one of which is anonymous and includes a one-paragraph description of the collection or project. Page limit: 20 pages or less.

    PSA Member/Non-Member Awards

    Awards 6-11 are open to all eligible poets and publishers

  • Award 6—Louise Louis/Emily F. Bourne Student Award
  • $250
    Endowed under the wills of Louise Louis Whitbread and Ruth M. Bourne, this prize is awarded for the best unpublished poem by a student in grades 9 through 12 from the United States. Teachers or administrators may submit an unlimited number of their students' poems (one submission per student-see Entry Fees, in Guidelines).
  • Award 7—George Bogin Memorial Award
  • $500
    Established by the family and friends of George Bogin for a selection of four or five poems that use language in an original way to reflect the encounter of the ordinary and the extraordinary and to take a stand against oppression in any of its forms.
  • Award 8—Robert H. Winner Memorial Award
  • $2,500
    Established by the family and friends of Robert H. Winner, whose first book of poems appeared when he was almost fifty years old. This award acknowledges original work being done in mid-career by a poet who has not had substantial recognition, and is open to poets over forty who have published no more than one book. Send a brief but cohesive manuscript of 10 poems (up to 20 pages). Please include year of birth on cover page. Previously published work may be included in your submission; include acknowledgment of publications on your cover page. Poems entered as part of a Winner manuscript may be entered individually in other PSA contests, but NOT if they are previously published.
  • Award 9—Louis Hammer Memorial Award
  • $250
    In memory of Louis Hammer, established by friends of the poet, translator, and editor, for a distinguished poem in the surrealist manner.

    Book Awards

    Books must be submitted directly by publishers. Entry forms are required.

    Download Book Entry Form (PDF)

    Please email or call, Brett Fletcher Lauer, Managing Director, at the PSA,  (brett@poetrysociety.org; 212-254-9628) if you have any questions. There is a $20 entry fee per book. No book may be submitted to both contests.

  • Award 10—Norma Farber First Book Award
  • $500
    Established by the family and friends of Norma Farber, poet and author of children's books, for a first book of original poetry written by an American and published in either a hard or soft cover in a standard edition in 2010. Translations are ineligible, as are chapbooks. Winning books are distributed to PSA members at the Benefactor level or above.
  • Award 11—William Carlos Williams Award
  • Purchase Prize Between $500 and $1,000
    Endowed by the family and friends of Geraldine Clinton Little, a poet and author of short stories and former vice-president of the PSA, for a book of poetry written by a single author who is a permanent resident of the United States. The book must be published by a small press, non-profit, or university press in a standard edition in 2010. Translations are ineligible, as are chapbooks. Winning books are distributed to PSA members at the Benefactor level or above.

     

    INFO: New Book—Langston Hughes and the South African Drum Generation: The Correspondence > from Black Book News

    Langston Hughes and the South African Drum Generation: The Correspondence
    This book looks a fascinating read. Co-authored by two American professors of English, it is the previously unpublished correspondence between African-American poet Langston Hughes and writers from the 50s and 60s South African magazine Drum. The South African writers include Peter Clarke, Todd Matshikiza, Bloke Modisane, Ezekiel Mphahlele, Peter Abrahams, and Richard Rive.  The co-authors have analysed and reviewed the issues and themes alongside reproducing the letters in order to provide a broader context to the issues. The opportunity to consider the Civil Rights movement alongside the anti-apartheid movement is an excellent one, when you think that more often than not the campaigns are discussed in isolation of one another. It seems obvious that people would have made connections and supported and encouraged one another during this time.  At a cover price £52.50 I am afraid that it goes on the Christmas wish list for the moment.

    EVENT: New York City—Black august: A Hip-Hop Benefit Concert - The Film Society of Lincoln Center

    Black August: A Hip-Hop Benefit Concert (2010)
    Thursday, August 26
    Reception: 6pm / Program: 7pm

    Tickets On Sale Now!


    A live performance and panel discussion will follow the screening. Co-presented by the ImageNation Cinema Foundation.

    Scene Photo

    ImageNation Cinema Foundation and the Film Society at Lincoln Center present the World Premiere of Black August: A Hip-Hop Benefit Concert . The film documents the movement behind the annual event that the nonprofit Malcolm X Grassroots Movement produces to raise awareness about and support for political prisoners in the United States. Part concert film, Black August highlights performances in New York, Cuba and South Africa by Mos Def, dead prez, Talib Kweli, David Banner, Common, Erykah Badu and others. Featuring exclusive interviews with exiled activist Assata Shakur, former Black Panther Kathleen Cleaver, political prisoner Mutulu Shakur and others!

     

     

    Black August: A Hip-Hop Benefit Concert (2010)

    dream hampton, 2010, USA/Cuba/South Africa; 80m


     

    Scene Photo Scene Photo

     

    Scene Photo Scene Photo

     


    Advance Purchase:
    $25 General Public
    $22 Student/Senior
    $20 Member

    BUY ONLINE NOW >>

    Advance tickets are also on sale at the Walter Reade Theater's box office.

    At the Door:
    $30 General Public
    $27 Student/Senior
    $25 Member

    VISITOR INFO >>

     

     

    INFO: Shadows Behind Assange's Conspiracy > from The Trench

    Shadows Behind Assange's Conspiracy

    The question is unavoidable: who holds the end of the string for rape accusations and a 12 hour arrest warrant on Wikileaks founder Julian Assange?

    Two Swedish newspapers reported that the allegations were made by two women who had worked with WikiLeaks in Sweden. That Assange knew both women seems to be established, and the two women independently verified stories before going to the police last Friday. Their story becomes stranger when Swedish police said they had been afraid to go public, while the women specifically denied these reports: "He is not violent and I do not feel threatened by him.”

    These women, if in fact honest, admittedly enjoy little benefit of the doubt given the international battle between the Pentagon and Assange. What else can they say if they're being truthful? But one of the women released a suspiciously scripted remark: "The charges against Assange is of course not orchestrated by either the Pentagon or anyone else. The responsibility for what happened to me and the other girl is held by a man with a skew perception of women who do not take no for an answer.”

    So they were aware of the Pentagon's witchhunt and just decided to help out? How generous and coincidental.

    No suspect outside the women fits the criteria more than the US government. An American or Afghan entity in favor of the war has more cause to discredit Assange than individual women. Furthermore, few US citizens have the power to manipulate the Swedish police, judiciary, and media. A larger organization appears at work. And the timing was perfect - Assange was visiting Sweden to discuss his actions. To call these events a conspiracy does injustice to reality.

    The Swedish reveal traces of a cover up on their part. Although Eva Finne, the country’s chief prosecutor, dropped the rape allegations due to lack of evidence, an investigation into the second charge of molestation against Assange continues. This could be false justification for the rape allegations though, to be dropped as well. The Associated Press reported, “The prosecutor’s office provided few details about the case against Mr. Assange, who denied the allegations. Nor did it say why it backtracked so quickly.”

    That’s a shady situation.

    Timing may hold the answer to Assange’s enemy. His response on Twitter, that Washington had prepared to use “dirty tricks” and that the charges’ timing was “deeply disturbing,” makes perfect sense from the US government’s perspective. The Pentagon, having denounced Assange from the highest level, has threatened to bring him down and Secretary of Defense Robert Gates ordered prosecution “should go wherever it needs to go.”

    But a US courtroom and prison isn’t the best place to go. “Silencing” him isn’t an option either with such a high profile. Practically speaking, discrediting Assange in the media is the Pentagon’s most viable option to harm him. As a non-US citizen, the Pentagon would create an uproar if it extradited Assange into a federal court to debate a war that 60% of Americans oppose, with few believing Afghanistan is improving. President Barack Obama can’t afford Assange’s trial or punishment to dominate the next year, especially when many Americans felt Wikileaks needed to be released in some form.

    The war’s disapproval and timing render legal means ineffective. That leaves propaganda warfare by default. The rape allegations coincided with Assange’s speaking events in Sweden, a diversionary measure and initial warning to what Wikileaks believes will be a long campaign against them.

    Said Gavin MacFadyen, director of the Centre for Investigative Journalism, and a friend of Assange, "A lot of us who had any notion of what he was doing expected this sort of thing to happen at least a week ago. I'm amazed it has taken them this long to get it together. This is how smears work. The charges are made and then withdrawn and the damage is done."

    He's technically accurate since the women went to the authorities last week.

    Gates himself said Assange’s case should go “wherever it needs to go.” Assuming that his CIA contacts are still good, and given that the Pentagon has battled Assange longer than the latest leaks, it’s entirely within possibility to plant women around Assange’s circle and bring them to bloom at the right moment. The US government cannot hide its power all of a sudden, and underestimating the CIA would be wishfully ignorant.

    The venom directed at Assange appears to exceed concern for Afghanistan’s trends, which Pentagon officials publicly believe are improving. They're trying to pin Afghanistan’s negativity on Assange even while admitting most of the information is “already known,” which essentially admits to wrongdoing. But instead of addressing the problems described in Wikileaks, the Pentagon is mainly concerned with punishing Assange. This spells trouble for all those in opposition to the war as the December review and July 2011 approaches.

    The Pentagon is doing everything it can to limit bad news, as evidenced by General David Petraeus.

    A potential rape allegation goes beyond Afghanistan too. Perhaps President Barack Obama would be left out of the loop for plausible deniability, but the order would need to come from the highest level. Gates seems a real possibility, though he’s likely to feign ignorance too. In any event the tactic of rape smearing doesn’t exemplify hope and change, and Assange’s circumstances may prove ominous for future whistle-blowers of any issue - American or not.

    3 responses:

    RealityZone said...

    RE: " "The charges against Assange is of course not orchestrated by either the Pentagon or anyone else."
    Why did she even mention the Pentagon?
    I hope he is not "accident prone".

    James Gundun said...

    Very weird stuff. But he can't disappear now. They have to find some other way to silence him, and they don't have many options.

    Rowan Berkeley said...

    The first smear tactic of the spooks was to plant disinfo to the effect that Wikileaks was nothing but one of their own black ops. I could list half a dozen would-be underground investigative maverick bloggers who have fallen for this.

    INFO: Outrage at UN decision to exonerate Shell for oil pollution in Niger delta

    guardian.co.uk home

    Outrage at UN decision to exonerate Shell for oil pollution in Niger delta

    • Oil giant blamed for 10% of 9m barrels leaked in 40 years
    • Report claims rest of leaking oil caused by saboteurs

    John Vidal, environment editor - guardian.co.uk, Sunday 22 August 2010 18.36 BST

    Oil pipelines in Okrika, near Port Harcourt in Nigeria
    Oil pipelines in Okrika, near Port Harcourt. The UNEP denies it has been influenced by Shell, which paid for its $10m, three-year study. Photograph: Ed Kashi

    A three-year investigation by the United Nations will almost entirely exonerate Royal Dutch Shell for 40 years of oil pollution in the Niger delta, causing outrage among communities who have long campaigned to force the multinational to clean up its spills and pay compensation.

    The $10m (£6.5m) investigation by the UN environment programme (UNEP), paid for by Shell, will say that only 10% of oil pollution in Ogoniland has been caused by equipment failures and company negligence, and concludes that the rest has come from local people illegally stealing oil and sabotaging company pipelines.

    The shock disclosure was made by Mike Cowing, the head of a UN team of 100 people who have been studying environmental damage in the region.

    Cowing said that the 300 known oil spills in the Ogoniland region of the delta caused massive damage, but added that 90% of the spills had been caused by "bunkering" gangs trying to steal oil.

    His comments, in a briefing in Geneva last week, have caused deep offence among the families of Ken Saro-Wiwa and the eight other Ogoni leaders who were hanged by the Nigerian government in 1995 after a peaceful uprising against Shell's pollution.

    With 606 oil fields, the Niger delta supplies 40% of the crude oil imported by the US. Life expectancy in its rural communities, half of which have no access to clean water, has fallen to little more than 40 over the past two generations.

    Communities accept that bunkering has become rife in some areas of Ogoniland, but say this is a recent development and most of the historical pollution has been caused by Shell operations.

    Last year, Amnesty calculated that the equivalent of at least 9m barrels of oil has been spilled in the delta over the past half a century, nearly twice as much as the 5m barrels unleashed in the Gulf of Mexico by the Deepwater Horizon disaster.

    Tonight the investigation was accused of bias by Nigerians and environmental groups who said the study – paid for by Shell and commissioned by the Nigerian government, who both have massive oil interests in the region – was unbalanced.

    Ben Ikari, an Ogoni activist, said: "Nobody from Ogoniland would be surprised, because the federal government of Nigeria and Shell are the same cabal that killed Ken Saro-Wiwa and others."

    Ben Amunwa of London-based oil watchdog group Platform said: "The UNEP study relies on bogus figures from Shell and incomplete government records. Many Ogoni suspect that the report's focus on sabotage and bunkering will be used to justify military repression notorious in the Niger delta, where non-violent activists, including Ken Saro-Wiwa, were executed."

    Cowing defended the UN report. In a series of emails seen by the Guardian, he said: "UNEP is not responsible for allocating responsibility for the number of spills being found in Ogoniland. Rather, we are focusing on the science. The figures referred to are those of the ministry of the environment and the department of petroleum resources.

    "This is a Nigerian issue, not a UNEP issue. However, I would add that from our extensive field work throughout Ogoniland we have witnessed, on a daily basis, very large scale bunkering operations.

    "It's very controversial. We cannot say whether a particular spill is from one cause or another. Our observation is that there is a serious [bunkering ] problem. I am being seen to be siding with the oil companies, but I am not.

    "We were provided with the official spill site list. This is given by the oil companies themselves but is endorsed by the [government] agencies. We are not on the side of the oil companies."

    He denied the UN was being influenced by Shell or the government. "We believe that it is correct that Shell [Nigeria] fund the study, as this is in compliance with the internationally accepted norm of the 'polluter pays'. No party … will be able to influence the science."

    The full report, due to be published by December, is expected to warn of an environmental catastrophe.

    "This is not directly comparable to the spills that occurred in the Gulf [of Mexico]," said Cowing. "But we have a serious and profound problem."

    Tonight, environmental groups expressed shock at the report. Nnimmo Bassey, chair of Friends the Earth International and director of Environmental Rights Action, Nigeria's leading environment group, said: "It is incredible that the UN says that 90% is caused by communities. The UNEP assessment is being paid for by Shell. Their conclusions may be tailored to satisfy their client. We monitor spills regularly and our observation is the direct opposite of what UNEP is planning to report."

    June 2009 report by Amnesty International called the damage in the delta a "human rights tragedy", and blamed the government and oil firms, mainly Shell, for years of pollution. It recognised that oil bunkering had caused spills, but said "the scale of this problem is not clear".

    The UN report saw more than 1,000 soil and water tests and other investigations carried out, and hundreds of communities consulted. The data generated is the first step towards a massive clean-up.

    Oil production in the delta started during the 1950s, but was suspended in the 90s due to unrest. The oil fields in Ogoniland have since remained dormant.

    INFO: The ‘oil curse’ explains Iraq power struggle better than Sunni-Shiite divide

    The ‘oil curse’ explains Iraq power struggle better than Sunni-Shiite divide

    by James North on August 21, 2010 · 17 comments

    I’ve wasted too much time over the past couple of decades trying to figure out Iraq by reading about the theological differences between Shiite and Sunni Muslims. I should have paid even more attention to the growing body of fascinating research into the peculiar – and sometimes violent – nature of nations that depend mainly on exporting oil.

    In 1997, a remarkable professor at Stanford named Terry Lynn Karl published The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States; since then, she and others have elaborated on her original findings. If the arrogant Bush administration and their cheerleaders in the mainstream press had looked into her work back in 2003, the history of Iraq might have been different.

    Professor Karl noticed that even though petro-states earned billions of dollars for their oil exports, almost none of them were able to use their earnings for sustained, balanced growth. Instead, they ended up in chronic economic crisis, with collapsing agriculture, nonexistent manufacturing sectors, very high unemployment, enormous debts to Western banks, growing political instability, and in some cases, ferocious violence. Number-crunching economists like Paul Collier came up with an astonishing finding; most of the oil producers would have been better off if oil had never been discovered on their territory at all.

    What is remarkable is that this “oil (or resource) curse” characterizes countries that otherwise appear quite different: Venezuela, a Catholic nation in South America, has many features in common with Nigeria, in Africa, or Islamic Iran. 

     

    Karl and the others have worked to explain the paradox of plenty, and a short summary cannot do justice to their theory. It does turn partly on how governments finance themselves. Over the centuries, European governments, and later the United States, consolidated power by taxing their people, (at first largely to pay for wars). It took time, but the people who paid the taxes insisted on their governments being accountable. Governments gradually grew responsive, even eventually democratic.

    In some of the third world, the same halting process is underway. But in the oil producers, the relationship between governments and people is quite different. Petro-states do not have to tax their citizens. Instead, nearly all their revenue comes from oil companies – 95 percent in Iraq’s case. The petro-state is what professor Karl calls a “honey pot” – an external source of money to be raided, not the site of genuine, long-term political bargaining.

    So small ruthless groups (like Saddam Hussein’s fragment of the Baath party) seize control of the petro-state, much like pirates boarding a fleet of gold-bearing galleons. Saddam’s rise was parallel to the Shah of Iran consolidating control across the Persian Gulf, or the succession of generals who ruled Nigeria. Saddam’s (mis)use of Arab nationalism, and later of Islamic symbols, was not altogether irrelevant, but the source of his income was more important than ideas in shaping Iraq’s political system.

    At first, the petro-dictators thrive, particularly when oil prices are high and they can buy off some of their people with populist spending, including grandiose infrastructure, and repress the rest with a lavish military/police apparatus, with many thousands of informers. On the surface, Saddam Hussein appeared to preside over a terrible but effective totalitarian state. In the international arena, his control of big strategic oil reserves, along with billions of well chosen arms purchases from big Western manufacturers, earned him immunity from criticism, including that warm visit on December 22, 1983 from Donald Rumsfeld, Ronald Reagan’s special representative. 

    Over time, though, this iron control weakens. In the Introduction to Oil Wars, professor Karl and two colleagues, Mary Kaldor and Yahia Said, point out that by the 2000s the Saddam Hussein regime was starting to disintegrate from within, following the same pattern as other petro-states – in part because the world oil price had fallen. They explain, “. . . there were important indicators of loss of government control, even before Saddam Hussein’s removal, including underground movements and parties, efforts to create new public space, and especially the growing resistance of both Sunni and Shi’ite mosques, which began to develop a strategy of ‘quiet strangulation’ of the regime reminiscent of the Catholic Church in Poland and Chile.”

    Of course, the American invasion interrupted all this. Karl and her colleagues do not speculate, but it is possible to imagine an Iraq transforming itself from within, not entirely unlike the collapse of the Soviet Union and its satellites in eastern Europe. Any change in Iraq would certainly have included terrible violence, but it would not have been complicated by the American invaders, who found themselves in an impossible situation as both the targets of certain Iraqi factions and as prospective allies – in some cases by those very same factions.

    It is possible that Iraq would have been less violent if Iraqis had been left to make their own history. At least one thing is certain; thousands of young American service men and women would still be alive, and thousands more would be uninjured.

    (Karl and her colleagues also remind us of an enormous truth, conveniently forgotten today by those who cheered on the invasion; the hawks promised that Iraq’s oil would pay for the war!)

    Today, Iraq is still under the oil curse – which helps us to understand the endless, tedious articles about political factionalism and the failure to form a new government there. Karl, Kaldor, and Said argue: “Public debate is less about the long-term future of Iraq and more a competition for access to oil rents. . . This rent seeking cannot only be explained by the removal of an oppressive ruler. It is in part a result of the disappearance of any unifying idea – a commitment to a shared commons – combined with the belief that Iraqis can get rich both from oil and from the influx of billions of dollars of donor monies.”

    The oil curse theory is not precise, and some critics, although recognizing its value, say it tries to explain too much. But the theory is clearly more helpful than all those Orientalist analyses that try to explain Iraq today as the consequence of the Sunni-Sh’ite schism more than a millennium ago. We don’t try and explain the recent Conservative victory in Britain by bringing up Henry VIII’s split with Rome, do we?

    { 17 comments… read them below or add one }

    1 radii August 21, 2010 at 5:07 pm

    it’s the age-old story: when the few hoard the wealth misery for the many follows

    the solution is so simple – spread the wealth and enshrine it in a nation’s founding articles

    2 DICKERSON3870 August 22, 2010 at 9:31 am

    RE: “it’s the age-old story: when the few hoard the wealth misery for the many follows” – radii
    FROM WIKIPEDIA:Congo Free State – (excerpted) The Congo Free State was a government privately controlled by Leopold II, King of the Belgians…who increasingly used it for rubber, copper and other minerals in the upper Lualaba River basin…The state included the entire area of the present Democratic Republic of the Congo and existed from 1885 to 1908…
    …Leopold could not meet the costs of running the Congo Free State so set in train a regime to maximise profitability. The first change was the introduction of the concept of terres vacantes—”vacant” land, which was anything that no European was living on. This was deemed to belong to the state, and servants of the state (i.e., any men in Leopold’s employ) were encouraged to exploit it…
    …The Force Publique (FP) was called in to enforce the rubber quotas. The officers were white agents of the State. Of the black soldiers, many were from far-off peoples of the upper Congo while others had been kidnapped during the raids on villages in their childhood and brought to Roman Catholic missions, where they received a military training in conditions close to slavery. Armed with modern weapons and the chicotte—a bull whip made of hippopotamus hide—the Force Publique routinely took and tortured hostages, flogged, and raped Congolese people. They also burned recalcitrant villages, and above all, took human hands as trophies on the orders of their officers to show that bullets hadn’t been wasted. (As officers were concerned that their subordinates might waste their ammunition on hunting animals for sport, they required soldiers to submit one hand for every bullet spent.)[7]…
    …Villages who failed to meet the rubber collection quotas were required to pay the remaining amount in cut hands, where each hand would prove a kill. Sometimes the hands were collected by the soldiers of the Force Publique, sometimes by the villages themselves. There were even small wars where villages attacked neighboring villages to gather hands, since their rubber quotas were too unrealistic to fill.
    One junior white officer described a raid to punish a village that had protested. The white officer in command “ordered us to cut off the heads of the men and hang them on the village palisades … and to hang the women and the children on the palisade in the form of a cross.”[8]…
    …the Encyclopædia Britannica[citation needed] and Fredric Wertham’s 1966 book “A Sign For Cain: An Exploration of Human Violence”[17] estimate that the population of the Congo dropped from 30 million to 8 and 8.5 million, respectively, in that period…SOURCE – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Free_State

    3 stevelaudig August 21, 2010 at 5:23 pm

    Great removable natural resources attract predators. Having little or nothing means no one is interested in taking it from you. thanks for the tip on the book. I’m wondering if Israel, no fan of international law, will now, with the discovery of seabed reasources, suddenly begin invoking it.

    4 MHughes976 August 21, 2010 at 5:25 pm

    Oil is not necessarily a curse, as I think UK and Canadian, even United States, experience shows. Riches attract predators and factions, of course, but I wouldn’t blame the riches themselves that much. When factions see themselves as standing for all that is best against all that is worst in humanity the resulting conflict is usually very terrible and intractable. The Germans tore themselves apart in the seventeenth century without any great prize at stake, just for ideology. The United States did endure a civil war but after that the opening up of the staggering riches (oil very much included) of ‘the West’ created only minor violence among the white population – the ‘County Wars’ etc. – and indeed produced an enormous sense of national pride and unity. Iraq is more like Germany c.1640.

    5 Shafiq August 21, 2010 at 6:44 pm

    Oil is a curse if you don’t have a stable economy at the time it’s first discovered. I’d add Norway to the list above (probably the country that has reaped the most benefits from oil production).

    Natural resources (not just oil) allow governments to spend a whole load of money without having put any effort into raising it (which would otherwise be done in the form of taxes) – no taxes means the link between government and the people is broken (i.e. no accountability). This leads to spending with impunity (if its not the people paying taxes, why should they worry as to how it’s being spent?). The ability to have all this money at your disposal to spend with impunity leads to furious clashes for power. Examples? Pretty much every African country with a valuable natural resource.

    Without a tax base, stable government is virtually impossible and without stable government, stable economies are virtually impossible and without stable economies taxes are hard to raise. It’s a vicious circle.

    It’s also one of the reasons why a growing number of people are against development aid in the form of direct cash to governments. It creates exactly the same problems.

    6 Psychopathic god August 21, 2010 at 5:47 pm

    Americans need to be reminded that in 1911, Persia requested assistance from the US in creating a system of financial control and taxation in the budding constitutional monarchy of Persia. Persia trusted the US above all European countries, and Taft sent W. Morgan Shuster,

    a devout Christian [who] … had decided that his conduct and his association with people should be reflective of the ideals of his faith as well as the ideals of his nation in pursuit of “life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness” for all God’s children.

     

    Russia and Great Britain had other ideas: it was not in their interest for Persia to operate on a sound financial and democraticizing tax basis; they were competing and conspiring to partition Persia. Russia marched troops into Tehran in order to force Shuster and his three colleagues to withdraw from Persia.

    The invited Americans were forced out of country by an interfering third party state only eight months after they’d begun their hopeful mission in Iran, the country that Shuster came to love and admire.

    A century later, it is Israel that is interfering with what could be a mutually beneficial relationship between Iran and USofA.

    7 bob August 21, 2010 at 6:05 pm

    There wasn’t much thought into the oil part.

    • Pro-Israeli lobbies were pushing for tough lines on Iraq while the “pro-oil” people like Bush I, Baker, etc. were against invasion
    • Neoconservatives were angry about Bush I not deposing Saddam and were pushing for removing Saddam since the 1990’s -even as a strategic interest for Israel.
    • Areil Cohen’s “oil” plan, as it were came much, much later in the 2000’s

    8 alexno August 21, 2010 at 6:15 pm

    Of course, it’s true, as Karl says, that petro-economies are special, as a very high percentage of the GDP accrues to the state. I don’t know whether there’s enough evidence to make generalisations about what happens to states in that situation.

    In Iraq, the situation is clear. It was specific. There was very little sectarian conflict before the 2003 invasion. Ask any Iraqi. The Kurds felt a certain degree apart, particularly after Saddam’s attacks in the 1980s, but the independentist policy of today is a product of Peter Galbraith’s advice, and that of the Israeli advisors in Kurdistan.

    As for the Sunni-Shi’a split, that non-existent divide had to be created, a necessary vehicle for divide-and-rule. There is plenty of evidence that it was the US behind the Samarra bombing. But the Iraqis, sensibly, don’t want to contest the matter. Better to ease the US out, by pretending that the US won, and that their presence is no longer necessary.

    Little of this corresponds with Prof Karl’s theory. Saddam was not on the way out before the invasion. He dominated by personal will, and he would have remained in power till he died.

    It is true that the new contest for power should be a contest for oil rents. I’m not sure that it is though. It’s more a contest of ethnic rivalities, with the oil issue in the background.

    9 Danaa August 21, 2010 at 6:44 pm

    It’s an interesting theory, but I think it could be expanded to cover countries that have access to “easy money” through any means, not just from natural resources. Take Israel, for example. Oil it didn’t have, but what the country did have in abundance – and what it current wealth was built on, were huge – and continuous – donations from jewish people abroad, coupled with enormous compensation funds for the holocaust. This money came into the country’s coffers, without having to develop a sufficiently – and fully – accountable system of governance. Over time, Israel’s planners did – unlike petro-states – channel much of the money into high technology, which provided some jobs for those with the skills. But a substantial portion of the incoming money-train went to fund wars and an enormous military-industrial complex, which is what currently fuels the country’s economic rise, more than anything else. Another not-inconsiderable sum went to absorbing more people -first from the ME, then from Russia, which then provided a steady – and captive- work force – killed in one case, less so in another.

    One could say israel was a successful venture, except that nowadays, it seems like more of a racket, as the fast growing income gap, the exploitation of water and the need for continual enforcement of conquest so as too keep the spoils show. This even as the Kibbutz movement – and the small agricultural co-op movements all but collapsed – and with them, the more egalitarian, democratic notions on which the zionist enterprise was pinned.

    Back to the book North cites (thanks for the recommendation!), the parallel I see is that countries that do not establish a tax base proportionate to their expenditures are bound – in the long run – to see their democracies shrivel, their political culture to become increasingly corrupt and transparency and accountability all but disappearing. I’d go further, and – taking on MHughes976’s critical comment above – maintain that the having a solid tax base in which citizens participate willingly, and which they consider fair (at least by and large) – is the key ingredient for a functional democracy. That could be why Canada and the UK- despite being oil producing countries (though by no means at levels that’d qualify them as petro-states) have relatively healthy democracies, and reasonably accountable systems of governance.

    How long can israel milk its foreign resources? well, the compensation is drying up (despite attempts to apply more squeeze). Donations continue but are generally more limited and focused from fewer, well off sources, that then carry increasingly greater influence – none for the good (thinking of Adelson types here). The human capital has turned into net loss as many of the skilled are leaving, new ones not replacing them in sufficient numbers and what population increase there is it is largely from the least productive, religious sectors. I believe that, left to its own devices, like declining oil prices, in time, these factors will contribute to greater political instability, fueling religious extremism and possibly causing military adventurism. Hmmm…..begins to sound a bit like Iraq under Sadaam….

    10 Oscar August 21, 2010 at 7:19 pm

    (Karl and her colleagues also remind us of an enormous truth, conveniently forgotten today by those who cheered on the invasion; the hawks promised that Iraq’s oil would pay for the war!)

    Which is strikingly similar to the recent “discovery” of $2 trillion in natural resources in Afghanistan, which was promoted to a weary nation as justification for our continued presence in that country. The spoils of war — apparently, if we invade a country, we’re entitled to strip its natural resources to repay ourselves for the price of invading said country.

    11 Doctor Pi August 22, 2010 at 12:13 am

    Have you read Charles Glass’s piece on this? It’s a hoot:

    http://www.takimag.com/blogs/article/afghan_mine_field/

    12 Jim Haygood August 21, 2010 at 7:53 pm

    ‘At first, the petro-dictators thrive, particularly when oil prices are high and they can buy off some of their people with populist spending, including grandiose infrastructure, and repress the rest with a lavish military/police apparatus. [Then they] disintegrate from within, following the same pattern as other petro-states – in part because the world oil price had fallen.’

    One can observe the same ‘paradox of plenty’ at work at the state and federal levels in the U.S. Fiscal stimulus to counter recession was supposed to give way to running surpluses during boom times. But deficits became chronic.

    For the first time in 2010, when the Greek crisis broke out, it was realized that even rich countries face serious risk of default when they incur excessive debt.

    But in an echo of the housing bubble ‘logic’ of five years ago, a claque has emerged to claim that governments who borrow in their own currencies are never ‘revenue constrained’ — they can simply print the currency to finance their own debt. The party can go on forever, we are told.

    In their own way, these primitive illusions that an ‘elastic currency’ and chronic borrowing are forever sustainable differ little from the predictable boom/bust cycle of petro-states which squander their boom-time windfalls on vanity projects, failing to realize that a depleting resource can never be the basis for sustainable wealth.

    Britain was the world power of the 19th century; the 20th century was American; China, already the world’s 2nd largest economy, will take the global lead in a decade or two. America’s military empire, which incurs an excess cost of 4% of GDP compared to other countries at peace with their neighbors, does not and cannot pay for itself. Consequently, the US economy is in relative and perhaps absolute decline. But the mill-wheel empire round our necks is not even on the political agenda.

    Are we any smarter than petro-state caudillos such as Chavez and Ahmadinejad? It sure don’t look like it!

    13 Sue Wood August 21, 2010 at 10:29 pm

    Alexco mentioned the Samarra bombing. Yes, and I remember some British soldiers were caught in a car in Basra dressed as Arabs, with explosives. Divide and rule and all that. Naturally, we never heard any more about this. And Oscar mentioned the trillions of dollars worth of natural resources in Afghanistan, which an American geologist said had been known about for some time. Now they say they’ve “discovered” oil, notwithstanding the gas pipeline deal with the Taliban which fell through when Karzai was Chief Exec of Unical! I agree with a lot of what others have said about Israel and also what Jim Haygood says, but of course everything is pegged to the US dollar, and with the US and Israel both thriving on their military-industrial complexes, it’s difficult to see how their strangleholds/impunity can be broken. Also, Israel has held talks twice in the past with British Gas about the gas off the coast of Gaza (no wonder they want to control the sea out there), yet I think its possible that the way Israel is going it will implode in on itself. But what struck me when I first saw the article under discussion was the term the “oil curse”;an Iraqi friend of mine once said that there IS a weapon of mass destruction in Iraq: OIL. How right he was/

    14 piotr August 21, 2010 at 11:30 pm

    Oil curse theory, as many of that kind, tries to explain too much.

    First, in what way is Venezuela different from culturally similar but less oil endowed countries? Colombia is definitely more violent, and behind some democratic facade, more authoritarian and oligarchic. Labor organizers and similar inconvenient people are quite frequently gunned down in Colombia.

    Similarly, we can pair Nigeria with Kenia, Russia with less endowed Ukraine, Kazakhstan with Uzbekistan, Algeria with Tunisia, Norway with Sweden.

    Is oil conducive to corruption and autocracy? Somewhat, but to some extend, as in all other areas, it creates both opportunities and problems. An autocrat needs an army of goons, and in an oil rich country the wages are “artificially” driven up and goons cost more than, say, in Zimbabwe or Myammar. And goons and autocrats do not need to be rich and hyper-rich (respectively) — it is enough that they are better off than the rest of the people.

    15 moonkoon August 22, 2010 at 12:13 am

    The “paradox of plenty” is also called the “Dutch disease” and is generally thought to be a product of the connection between a nation’s resource generated export income and its currency exchange rate. Although it was originally said to be a problem for “under-developed” economies, the term Dutch disease refers to the problems the well developed Dutch economy experienced with the influx of North Sea oil revenue. I think the giant Dutch electronics company, Phillips, was at least partly a victim of this phenomenon. I guess one could compare it to the “killed by kindness” problem.

    Basically the export revenue creates increased demand for the local currency. This in turn affects the exchange rate making said local currency more expensive. The appreciating currency then makes it difficult for the established export sector to compete on international markets. They wither on the vine.

    The obvious solution is to quarantine resource sector income offshore so that it does not distort the exchange rate, thereby saving the bacon of manufacturing and service sector exporters (which generate employment). Norway is the textbook example a nation that has adopted this fix, whereby the assumed to be temporary resource income can then be introduced into the local economy as more manageable and long-term income stream.

    Many nations rely on favourable exchange rates to sustain their manufacturing and service export sectors. So-called windfall increases in export income also disturb the local money supply leading economic managers to resort to measures like increasing interest rates to reduce the credit created money supply and so hopefully control excess demand generated inflation.

    The defence measures adopted invariably create more knock-on effects. For example, the increased interest rates can attract foreign capital looking to benefit from the (for them) more attractive interest rates. This also has to be quarantined lest it create the same sort of problems that a resources boom creates.

    Currency blocs are considered to be another, at least partial solution to the problem, but they imply a currency bloc treasury which is not acceptable to many, as people rightly see that solution as removing vital spending decisions (a.k.a. pork-barrelling) from the domestic political scene. Whatever way you look at the problem, it’s a choice between the devil and the deep blue sea. :-) It takes skill and honesty and integrity to manage such dilemmas, commodities that are often in short supply in the world of politics and high finance.

    Here is a link to a discussion of the problem by one of the many experts on the matter.
    http://www.theage.com.au/news/business/mining-boom-could-bust-us/2007/11/10/1194329562546.html

    16 Zorro August 22, 2010 at 10:51 am

    FTA: “It is possible that Iraq would have been less violent if Iraqis had been left to make their own history. At least one thing is certain; thousands of young American service men and women would still be alive, and thousands more would be uninjured.”

    Yet one more thing is also sure: America’s debt would be less by at least several hundred billion dollars. (God help any country too stupid not to know not to “nation build.”)

    17 Keith August 22, 2010 at 1:36 pm

    OIL CURSE? No imperialism here, folks. The oil did it!

     

    VIDEO: Susheela Raman


    I was born in London in 1973 to South Indian parents. My family moved to Australia when I was very young and were eager to keep our Tamil culture alive. I grew up singing South Indian classical music and began giving recitals at an early age. As a teenager I branched out into more blues-based music, which demanded quite different voice techniques. The question then was how to bring these streams together. In 1995 I went to India to study with Shruti Sadolikar, one of the greatest living Hindustani vocalists. This was a challenging experience as I had to let go of what I thought I knew and find a new, more insightful approach to my craft.

    Returning to England in 1997, I started to work with Sam Mills who had made a record called Real Sugar with a Bengali singer named Paban Das Baul. This record inspired me because it bridged a gap and found common ground for Indian music to be expressed to a new audience. Sam’s work with West African group Tama also opened a whole set of musical contact points.

    We spent three years developing this record. In addition to writing our own material, we discovered new and exciting ways to adapt the Carnatic songs I had sung when I was younger, particularly the work of the eighteenth century songmasters Tyagaraja and Dikshitar.

    SALT RAIN was recorded between October and December 2000 (exceptMamavatu which was recorded the preceding February for the Real World GIFTED album). We were lucky to collaborate with some unique musicians who live mostly in London and Paris but are of diverse origins: Guinea Bissau, Cameroon, India, Romania, France, Greece, Egypt, Kenya, America, and Spain. Any record is a meeting of many minds and, now more than ever, it is networks of people, not just individuals, who spark new and exciting work. Everyone brought their own special energy to the music and I am very proud of what we all worked together to create.


    "Ganapati"
    <br /><b>Susheela Raman - Ganapati</b><br /><i>Uploaded by EMI_Music. - Watch more music videos, in HD!</i>

    "Like A Rolling Stone"
    <br /><b>SUSHEELA RAMAN LIVE @ LES BOUFFES DU NORD - LIKE A ...</b><br /><i>Uploaded by lesgrandsmanitous. - Watch more music videos, in HD!</i>

    "Love Trap" Live in Ethiopia, pt 1


    SUSHEELA RAMAN & GETACHEW MEKURIA - "Love Trap" (Live in Ethiopia)
    <br /><b>SUSHEELA RAMAN  & GETACHEW MEKURIA - Love Trap (Live in Ethi</b><br /><i>Uploaded by bbpradi0. - Watch more music videos, in HD!</i>
    SUSHEELA RAMAN & GETACHEW MEKURIA - Love Trap (Live in Ethiopia)(Ethiopian Music Festival 2004) 
    http://www.susheelaraman.com/